Life Struggles and Themes in Alice Walkers The Color Purple

Born in Eatonton, Georgia, in 1944 Alice Walker was last of her eight siblings. As far as becoming author, Alice walker herself was faced with many struggles throughout her life. After a childhood accident blinded her in one eye, she went on to become valedictorian of her local school, and attend Spelman College and Sarah Lawrence College on scholarships, graduating in 1965(Janet Witalec). Her biggest turning point/ motivation was an author named Zora Neale Hurston, who made a great influence on Walkers later life. Later in her life she edited one of her fiction called â€Å" I love myself when I am laughing†(Janet Witalec). Further on in her career, she wroteâ€Å" The Color Purple† which was brought to audience in 1982, as she†¦show more content†¦Further on, she also discusses the character role played in part of Alice Walker was not compelled by the experience, but much reality was shown. Although, the novel shows many struggles, but at the same time it ma kes a reader understand the reality of that struggle. ‘‘Walkers work, particularly her novels, has been criticized for fostering antagonism between the genders and unfairly demonizing black men†(walker, Alice on enotes). E-notes demonstrate that much of walker’s criticism is done on feminism and culture, according to what walker writes. Although walker’s views are more profound then they are looked as. As all the other authors or leader, critic’s has tried to find many wrong views of Alice Walker, but to me walker is nothing but an great survivor of life. She makes me realize that no matter how bad and wrong your family gets I should never give up on them. ‘The color Purple dramatically underscores oppression Black women have throughout history in rural south in America†(Ed. Janet Witalec. Vol.167). Wiltaec illustrates much towards the setting of the novel nevertheless, she criticize the overall understanding on the struggle of most Black women in rural areas of America and even Africa. â€Å"She has a sense of theShow MoreRelatedAlice Walker s The Color Purple1460 Words   |  6 PagesElements of Alice Walker’s Life Portrayed in The Color Purple An artist stands in the studio before a blank canvas on an easel, with a palette of colors in hand. Not knowing which to choose from, the artist looks over the variety of shades thinking about the different possibilities, willing to create something extraordinary. With an open mind, the artist ponders the idea of creating something entirely original that goes against the artistic styles practiced before. All on his own Pablo Picasso createdRead Moreâ€Å"All segments of the literary world—whether establishment, progressive, Black, female, or1200 Words   |  5 Pagesexist.† During the 1970’s to 1980’s, African American studies of Black’s steep legacy was a dying trade. Alice walker stepped up in this time period as an influential writer of the recovery movement for African American studies. Three well respected works from Alice Walker are: The Color Purple, The Third Life of Grange Copeland, and Meridian. We will focus on Walker’s narrat ive, The Color Purple which details the story of a young eight year old girl named Celie who was sexually abused by her stepfatherRead MoreAlice Walkers Themes of Womanism, Community, and Regeneration1968 Words   |  8 Pages7th February 2011 Alice Walkers Themes of Womanism, Community, and Regeneration Alice Walker is considered one of the most influential African American writers of the 20th century, because of her raw portrayal of African American struggles and the injustices towards black women. She was the first African American female novelist to win both the Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Award for The Color Purple. Her work is appealing and powerful because â€Å"Walkers novels can be read as anRead MoreThe Color Purple Research Paper1820 Words   |  8 PagesPurple America America was in its prime in the 1920’s. A time of many drastic changes, 1920’s Americans enjoyed a booming economy, a prosperous and wealthy upper-class society, and general international and national peace. For African Americans; however, the 1920’s meant facing economic struggle, racial prejudices, and gender stereotypes. In Alice Walker’s The Color Purple, the main character Celie experiences many boundaries within the workforce, domestics, and society of the 1920’s. Through manyRead MoreThe Color Purple by Alice Walker1342 Words   |  6 Pagesare infused with the mindset that they must act a certain way. Likewise, in Alice Walker’s novel The Color Purple, the protagonist Celie, believes that she is obligated to do what men tell her to. She starts writing letters to God since she has nobody else to share her secrets with. Soon she meets a woman named Shug, who makes her realize that there is more to life than she really thinks. Alice Wa lker’s novel The Color Purple demonstrates the progression of gender roles by emphasizing the importanceRead MoreOvercoming Prejudices and Self Acceptance-the Color Purple1401 Words   |  6 PagesAcceptance Throughout Alice Walker’s novel, The Color Purple, the main character, Celie, reveals all of the hardships she has endured during her life. Celie confides in her younger sister, Nettie, and God to express the way she feels in certain situations. As the story progresses, Celie eventually finds her voice and breaks away from all the men who oppressed her during her life. For the duration of the novel, prejudice becomes a reoccurring theme. Not only does Celie struggle with the external prejudicesRead MoreThe Color Purple By Alice Walker1495 Words   |  6 PagesThe Color Purple, is a novel written by the American author Alice Walker. The novel won the 1983 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction and is also regarded to be her most successful piece of work. It has developed into an award winning film and was recently made into a Broadway play. The story continues to impress readers throughout the decades due to its brutal honesty. The novel successfully and truthfully demonstrates what life was like for black women during the early twentieth century. The book discussesRead MoreThe Color Purple by Alice Walker921 Words   |  4 PagesAlice Walker’s realistic novel, The Color Purple revolves around many concerns that both African American men and women faced in an era, where numerous concerns of discrimination were raised. Religious and gender issues are confronted by the main characters which drive the plot and paint a clear image of what life may possibly have been like inside an African American home. Difficulties were faced by each and every character specifically Celie and Nettie who suffered heavy discrimination throughoutRead MoreAlice Walker And Zora Neale Hurston875 Words   |  4 PagesAlice Walker and Zora Neale Hurston Both Alice Walker and Zora Neale Hurston are similar to having the same concept about black women to have a voice and being perspective. These two authors are phenomenal women who impacted on the southern hospitality roots. Alice Walker and Zora Neale Hurston comment on fear, avenge, and righteousness among African American women that are abuse of their power. Walker and Hurston uses the same theory of feminism to point out the liberation that isRead MoreThe Color Purple By Alice Walker1540 Words   |  7 Pages Alice Walker is an award winning   author, most famously recognized for her novel   The Color Purple ;aside from being a novelist Walker is also a poet,essayist and activist .Her writing explores various social aspects as it concerns women and also celebrates political as well as social revolution. Walker has gained the reputation of being a prominent spokesperson and a symbolic figure for black feminism. Proper analyzation   of Walker s work comes from the   knowledge on her early life, educational

Single-system design. Meditation to decrease anxiety.

AbstractThe paper summarizes a single-system design aimed at improving the participants score on the Clinical Assessment of Anxiety through the intervention of meditative breathing. A baseline of three weeks was measured followed by four weeks of treatment phase. During the treatment phase, the participant completed meditative breathing exercise three times daily for five days each week. The participant completed the Clinical Assessment of Anxiety each Friday of the treatment phase. The results indicated improvement in the scores, however the participants score never got below the clinical cutting score of 30. Meditative Breathing for the Treatment of AnxietyThe purpose of this paper is to present the findings from an experiment that†¦show more content†¦Meditation is also appropriate in treating anxiety since persistent symptoms of anxiety, and depression, often reflect deficiencies in coping that meditation techniques often have a positive effect on (Toneatto Ngyuen, 2007). Meditative breathing is specific form of meditative that has been found effective in treating symptoms of anxiety (Vukovic, 2003). Meditative breathing is essentially taking a few minutes to stop and focus on the rising and falling on your breath. A person will do the activity for a specified time limit or number of breaths. The goal is for the person to clear his or her mind of all thoughts unrelated to their breathing. Through this process the person is said to be centering themselves and disengaging from stressful distractions such as racing and/or obsessive thoughts (Murphy, 2006). Meditative breathing is effective in treating anxiety for several reasons. First, meditative breathing reduced the persons heart rate and therefore has a positive effect on the physiological symptoms of anxiety. Second, meditative breathing is convenient and practical in that it can be performed in any location and takes little time to complete. Third, initial results are immediate- producing an instant calm when performed. Lastly, it can be combined with other treatment modalities (Vukovic, 2003). For these reasons, meditative breathing was chosen as the appropriate intervention strategy to combat anxiety.Show MoreRelatedEssay about Music As Therapy1222 Words   |  5 Pagesmusical interventions to restore, maintain, and improve emotional, physical, physiological, and spiritual health and well-being. These are the key elements which define interventions as music therapy. Music Therapy is goal oriented and provides a system to work towards a specific therapeutic goal and objective. Goals identified can include communicative, academic, motor emotional and social skills. 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Romeo and Juliet Fate Essay Example For Students

Romeo and Juliet Fate Essay In this essay, I shall be looking at how Fate is incorporated into Romeo and Juliet. The story of Romeo and Juliet is a story about two rival families who have always fought against each other. The story of Romeo and Juliet was about death, murder, love and a struggle against Fate and its ways. Romeo believes that Fate intends to part them forever. He also thinks he evades Fate but ends up walking straight into Fates plan, to join the families through love but at the price of the death of their children. This meaning that Romeo and Juliet will in fact be together but only in death. A pair of star-crossed lovers take their life: Whose misadventured piteous overthrows, Doth with their death bury their parents strife. The fearful passage of their death-marked love, And the continuance of their parents rage, Which but their children end. This quote is from the Prologue, which was said at the start of the play. The quote means the star-crossed lovers take their life because they both knew what they wanted just couldnt happen and so with their death, the parents who had been arguing for so long, just stop and look at their losses. The audience knows the ending and so watch the characters follow through their lives, not knowing what will eventually happen to them but are unsure how. The path of Fate. In Act 1, Scene II, the idea that when one thing happens, therefore causes another thing to happen. Like a domino effect. The Clown entrusted with the list of the guests, not being able to read asks Romeo and Benvolio for help. If they hadnt of seen that invitation, they wouldnt have known about the party and so Romeo would never have met Juliet. Romeo only went to the party, as he saw Rosalind on the guest. Little did he know hed actually meet a woman such as Juliet. One of the first twists of Fate that we discover is from a quote Romeo says to his friends just before he enters the Capulet Party. Some consequence, yet hanging in the stars, shall bitterly begin his fearful date Taken from Act 1, Scene VI, Lines 107/108. What Romeo means is that he thinks something will happen in the Party that will change his life forever, even cause his untimely death. When Romeo enters the Party, Juliet spots him and says the following quote to Nurse just after she asks her to go and find out who he is; If he be married, My grave is like to be my wedding bed Act 1, Scene V, Lines 131/132. This means she predicts that she will die unmarried but with dramatic irony. Dramatic irony is when the character says something and is unaware of its importance. The audience knows something but the character doesnt. Juliet has also sensed Fate. As this woeful story continues, the two lovers decide to get married. The Friar, is  obviously, weary about Romeo and Juliet marrying so soon. He expresses this opinion by saying the following to them. These violent delights have violent ends Act 2, Scene VI, Line 9 What he means is that although they seem to be happy as can be, their love and passion wont last forever. Again setting the course of the play. Mercutios last words give more indication as to what we should expect as the ending. The last words he says after Tybalt, a Capulet, Juliets cousin kills him, were A plague on both your houses Act 3, Scene I, Line 4. Mercutios uses the word House as the word for both the families. Therefore, again backing up all the evidence as to what the conclusion of this tragedy will be. The reason Tybalt kills Mercutio is that he is Romeos friend and was there at the Party with him. Tybalt assumed the only reason Romeo and Mercutio were there was to cause trouble. .uf1880f465820fdb49fbd56fd7fc846eb , .uf1880f465820fdb49fbd56fd7fc846eb .postImageUrl , .uf1880f465820fdb49fbd56fd7fc846eb .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf1880f465820fdb49fbd56fd7fc846eb , .uf1880f465820fdb49fbd56fd7fc846eb:hover , .uf1880f465820fdb49fbd56fd7fc846eb:visited , .uf1880f465820fdb49fbd56fd7fc846eb:active { border:0!important; } .uf1880f465820fdb49fbd56fd7fc846eb .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf1880f465820fdb49fbd56fd7fc846eb { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf1880f465820fdb49fbd56fd7fc846eb:active , .uf1880f465820fdb49fbd56fd7fc846eb:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf1880f465820fdb49fbd56fd7fc846eb .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf1880f465820fdb49fbd56fd7fc846eb .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf1880f465820fdb49fbd56fd7fc846eb .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf1880f465820fdb49fbd56fd7fc846eb .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf1880f465820fdb49fbd56fd7fc846eb:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf1880f465820fdb49fbd56fd7fc846eb .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf1880f465820fdb49fbd56fd7fc846eb .uf1880f465820fdb49fbd56fd7fc846eb-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf1880f465820fdb49fbd56fd7fc846eb:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Romeo and Juliet : Development of Juliet's Character EssayRomeo is banished after he kills Tybalt as revenge for the death of Mercutio. Juliet then asks for help from the Friar so she can see her beloved Romeo again. The Friars plan was to give Juliet a potion of, which has the properties to give the likeness of death. After a certain amount of hours, she will wake up with Romeo with her in the family vault where she lay. They would then escape. To make sure Romeo knows that Juliet isnt really dead, he gives a Priest a note with all the details on, unaware that a friend of Romeos is actually going to see Romeo to deliver the bad news that Juliet is actually dead and not faking it. Now it has turned into a race in order to make sure Romeo receives the right news. Fate plays a part in this. If the Priest gets there first with the letter, Romeo and Juliet will be able to see each other again, if it doesnt, they dont. On the way to see Romeo, the Priest gets caught up with the plague and so cant travel. Meaning the letter is out the race. When Romeos friend arrives, Romeo believes in order to defy Fate, he must go to where Juliet lay and kill himself in order for them to be united at death. When Romeo arrives at the family tomb, he meets Paris. Paris is the man whom Juliets parents wanted her to marry. Paris assumes wrongly that Romeo wants to harm the grave of Juliet because he is a Capulet and so they fight. Paris is killed. Pariss dying wish was to be placed next to the woman he loved so Romeo did as he was told. Juliet awakes to find Romeo dead next to her because he had taken the poison thinking Juliet was truly dead. At which point, the Friar arrived; anxious to prevent the tragedy as he had found out the letter hadnt  got through. He had failed to save Romeo and so focuses on Juliet, desperate to save her from her own death, asking her to live in a convent. Juliet asks the Friar to leave and as he leaves, she takes Romeos dagger and stabs herself in the heart. Juliets final words were O happy dagger, This is thy sheath, there rest, and let me die Act 5, Scene III, Lines 169/170. Throughout the play, we know that whatever happens, their fate is pre-determined and that whatever happens, there will be a tragic ending involving death to the star crossed lovers. When Romeo sees Juliet after he had come back from Mantua, he assumes the worst and ends his life beside her. If he had stayed put, Juliet would have awoken to see the world around her and not the dismal sight of her lover dead beside her. Fate secured the death of Romeo and Juliet and after that had happened, it brought both the families together in a state of shock and disbelief. Both parents stopped their constant arguing and wept together. The actions of the characters did affect the overall outcome if this tragic story. In total, the amount of deaths is actually quite high. Tybalt kills first, he kills Mercutio. The effect of this is that Romeo, avenging his friends death, gets him banished when he kills Tybalt. Later on in this poignant story, a fight breaks out between Romeo and Paris. Paris is killed and placed beside his love that he believes is dead. Romeo eventually commits suicide after believing too that Juliet is in fact dead and so uses poison to end his life. Juliet wakes up and sees Romeo lying beside her, not breathing. Taking a dagger, she too kills herself. The death you hear about near the end of the story is that of Lady Montague. She isnt killed by anyone but instead, sorrow. .uce292eeda39a261c15c96a420b28ae72 , .uce292eeda39a261c15c96a420b28ae72 .postImageUrl , .uce292eeda39a261c15c96a420b28ae72 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uce292eeda39a261c15c96a420b28ae72 , .uce292eeda39a261c15c96a420b28ae72:hover , .uce292eeda39a261c15c96a420b28ae72:visited , .uce292eeda39a261c15c96a420b28ae72:active { border:0!important; } .uce292eeda39a261c15c96a420b28ae72 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uce292eeda39a261c15c96a420b28ae72 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uce292eeda39a261c15c96a420b28ae72:active , .uce292eeda39a261c15c96a420b28ae72:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uce292eeda39a261c15c96a420b28ae72 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uce292eeda39a261c15c96a420b28ae72 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uce292eeda39a261c15c96a420b28ae72 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uce292eeda39a261c15c96a420b28ae72 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uce292eeda39a261c15c96a420b28ae72:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uce292eeda39a261c15c96a420b28ae72 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uce292eeda39a261c15c96a420b28ae72 .uce292eeda39a261c15c96a420b28ae72-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uce292eeda39a261c15c96a420b28ae72:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Comparison of Two Film Versions of Romeo and Juliet EssayThe argument about Fate is whether its simply ill timing and bad luck but isnt luck Fate?

Importance of CSR in Cross Sector Cooperation

Question: Discuss about the Importance of CSR in Cross Sector Cooperation. Answer: Introduction: The modern approach to business management has significantly evolved. Previously, organizations focused their energy toward product production and profit maximization. However, this approach does not fit the present business environment. The ever rising concerns of the implications of corporations existence to the society have shifted approaches in management. The current generation does not only rank successful organizations on profit terms but also on how they influence the lives of the surrounding communities. This is what introduced the approach of corporate social responsibility (CRS). Discrepancies exist on the definition of this concept. According to Zu (2008, pp.18), many people are still confused by the many definitions suggested by scholars and non-scholars. This is because CRS, have been manipulated by company heads to fit their perception. So, what is a corporate social responsibility? According to Sims (2003, pp.43), CRS, refer to business activities that requires a cont inuous obligation by the firm to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the lives of its labor force, and their families, community, and the overall society. Therefore, it is a concept that demands a multidimensional approach to management. Furthermore, it presents a dilemma for the administration of organizations, since the corporations must decide whether to survive or thrive (Sims, 2003). Ths is because they must serve the organizations set goal and objectives while satisfying the needs of the society. The importance of CRS to both the society and business cannot be underestimated. CRS have many benefits to the business environment. One of the fundamental importance of CRS is the enhancement of cooperation between the society, business and other sectors (Carnogursky et al., 2015). This is crucial for both the short term and long term benefits to the company. Cooperation is a sign of business activities acceptability within its environs of operation. It makes the survival of an investment to easier since others support them. Since CRS, advocates for the organization to address the welfare of the society, it plays a vital role in changing the customers attitude (Kavaliauske Stancikas, 2014). Customers will be attracted to acquire goods and services from corporations which positively contribute to the society. However, it does not guarantee automatic preference by the client, because the current market is globalized, and consumers purchase products using different portals. Some make online purchases, hence will not be interested in the CRS actions of the company. It is vital to remember that, CSR is not a mandatory activity for organizations. Hence it is an organization's initiative to give back to the society. Despite, the customer being more concerned about the quality of service and products, Kavaliauske Stancikas (2014) notes that the clients appreciate socially or environmentally beneficial efforts by organizations. However, for companies which are locally based and serve local people, CRS actions a re essential. For instance, a local company involved in sugar product must devise ways of controlling the level of pollution in the environment. Failure to do so can spark resistance from the local community. Therefore, initiating CSR actions which will cater for the well-being of the locals will change their attitudes towards the company. According to the CRS definition outlined by Sims (2003), CSR should address the welfare of a companys employees and their families. Employees are a vital component in any organization. They are the one who actualize the organization's goals and objectives. Furthermore, they work towards the attainment of the organization's strategic plans. So, in collective terms, the workers are the heartbeats of organizations. Therefore, catering for their interests boots their engagement. Employees enjoy working for organizations who have a positive social image. This makes the company be a darling of many potential employees. This is essential to the survival and performance of an investment. Happy and satisfied employees are innovative, committed and hard working. This subsequently improves the companys performance. Therefore, the corporate social responsibility initiatives are very crucial in the modern business world. So, what are the advantage of this approach? It is vital to note that both commercial and non- profitable organization engages in CRS. Hence, it should not be considered as a way of attracting profits. Improved collaboration between the company, society and other sectors make it easy to market and organization. The media plays an essential role in marketing. Therefore, when a corporation engages in CRS action, it attracts media attention which will then advertise the companys activities to the people. This is a very efficient way of marketing an organization. Through CSR activities, people will come to know more about investment activities, their goods, and services. CRS makes it easier for organizations to obtain financial support. There are well wishes which are ready to support activities which can save the environment or uplift the livelihood of communities. This is crucial for non-profitable associations who depend on donor funds and volunteers to carry out the services. Donors will be willing to assist programs which are addressing perennial societal problems. Hence it is advisable when an organization is setting up a CSR project to carry out serious research on areas of high need. The current market environment is very complex, and agencies find it to survive on the own. Therefore, they thrive on partnerships with others. CSR makes the process of striking corporate partnership to be easy. This is because companies looking for partners are likely to favor those with the positive public image. Additionally, improved performance in production and market competition are other advantages that CSR can bring. Improved performance is caused by workers satisfaction while market competition is due to the change in customers perception of a company. Clients will prefer socially responsible institutions. For the employees, corporations with positive societal image attract quality and competent labor force. There are also shortcomings associated with CSR. Many people still view CSR as charitable giving. According to Hopkins (2012), this view is misguiding and should not be used to define CSR. However, CSR can have an adverse implication on the profitability of business. The main reason for setting up a business is to generate profits. When companies engage in CSR actions which are not financially profitable, it can be viewed as financial wastage. Many factors are causing poor states in the society, and one organization cannot change the situation alone. Furthermore, it is not guaranteed that the companies involvement can positively influence the situation (Hopkins, 2012). Therefore, it can be termed as wastages of resources. Furthermore, it triggers conflicts between the company heads and the stakeholders. The company management can support the idea of CSR, but the stakeholders can be against it, resulting in rifts. Conclusively, CSR is a very powerful tool in ensuring the long-term survival of an organization. This is because it makes the companies be accepted in the society. Furthermore, it fosters corporate partnership which is the modern mode of market survival. However, significant consideration and research ought to be done before engaging in any SRS actions to eliminate chances of financial losses. Reference List Carnogursky, K., Diacicova, A., Dancova, A. Lach, M., 2015. Practical Importance of CSR in Cross-sector Cooperation.. Procedia Economics Finance, Volume 34, pp. 244-251. Hopkins, M., 2012. Corporate Social Responsibility and International Development: Is Business the Solution? London: Earthscan. Kavaliauske, M. Stancikas, A., 2014. The Importance of Corporate Social Responsibility in Lithuania's Finance and Telecommunication Industries. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, Volume 110, pp. 796-804. Sims, R. R., 2003. Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility: Why Giants Fall. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group. Zu, L., 2008. Corporate Social Responsibility, Corporate Restructuring and Firm's Performance: Empirical Evidence from Chinese Enterprises. Berlin: Springer Science Business Media.

Individual Investigation Essay Example

Individual Investigation   Essay Aim: The aim of this experiment is to answer the following question: What is the effect of temperature on the equilibrium constant for the hydrolysis of an ester? The reaction I aim to investigate is a reversible reaction where an ester (an organic compound with RCOOR group) is produced and. Esters are generally insoluble in water but are soluble in other solvents. Esters are formed in an esterification reaction where and carboxylic acid (RCOOH group) and an alcohol (ROH), react to form an ester. Below is the esterification reaction/ester hydrolysis reaction. Alcohol + Carboxylic acid Ester + Water The Equipment and apparatus I will be using in my investigation are as follows: We will write a custom essay sample on Individual Investigation   specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Individual Investigation   specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Individual Investigation   specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer * Safety Goggles * Test Tube x 5 * Test tube stoppers x 5 * Water Bath with thermostatic control * Test tube holder (suitable for use in water baths) * Burette * Clamp stand with clamp fixings * Safety Mat * Funnel * 250ml Beaker * 250ml Conical Flask * 10ml Measuring cylinder * Thermometer * White tile Safety goggles will be worn so that the risk of chemicals coming into contact with the eyes is lessened (see risk assessment). Test tubes are being used as the environment for the reaction to take place, they are glass so can be monitored and can be easily stored in a test tube holder in the water bath. Test tube stoppers will be used so that none of the water or ethanol can evaporate out of the tube, thus giving inaccurate results. Water baths will be used so that the temperature, can be maintained at different temperatures. Test tube holders will be used so that all the test tubes can be held safely without risk of tipping over. A burette will be used in the titration because it will less small amounts of liquid at a time, and also has an accurate scale up the side, so volumes will be easier to obtain. A Clamp stand will be used so that the burette is held in place above the solution of unknown concentration securely. A safety mat will be used so that any spillages will be kept off of the tables. A funnel will be used so that any pouring of liquids will be safer from the risk of spillage. Beakers of 250ml are used to contain liquid yet will have lips on them to aid pouring. Conical flasks will be used in the titration to stop any of the liquid hitting the side. A 10ml measuring cylinder will be used so that the reactants can be measured accurately. A thermometer will be used so that the temperature of the water bath can be verified. Risk assessment The chemicals I will be using are: * Hydrochloric acid (known concentration of 0.1moldm-3-150ml approx. * Sodium Hydroxide Solution (unknown concentration)- 150ml approx. * Sulphuric acid (unknown concentration)- 150ml approx. * Ethanol (95% concentration with 5% water)-500ml approx. * Ethanoic Acid (Glacial Acetic Acid 100%)-500ml approx. * Methyl Orange * Phenolphthalein The Hydrochloric acid I am using is corrosive, so if it comes into contact with skin it will burn. Therefore when I am transferring the chemical from the sealed jar to the burette, I will ensure that safety goggles are on; so that any spillage will not come into contact with the eyes. I will also ensure that I am using a funnel on the burette. This is so that spillages will be less likely. Also when cleaning I will make sure I am using excess water to clean anything where the acid has contacted because it may react violently with water in small quantities. Similarly the sulphuric acid I am using is corrosive, therefore I must be careful when adding it to the test tube in the reaction, to prevent overfilling and spillages. The Sodium Hydroxide I am using is also corrosive, so when pouring into beakers and the burette, I will use a funnel and wear safety glasses. The ethanol I am using is highly flammable so I will keep it away from any naked flames. It is also very toxic if ingested, therefore I must make sure that it will be kept well away from the face at all times. As the ethanol is used in the reaction it I will make sure it is measured out accurately and that no spillages take place. Ethanoic acid is its concentrated form is also corrosive and will cause burns if it comes into contact with the skin or eyes. There I will be wearing safety goggles when using this chemical to add to the test tube or when it is used in the titration. Phenolphthalein is very harmful even in small quantities, it causes water imbalance and is a strong laxative. Therefore this substance must be kept off of tables, hands or any equipment that is likely to be handled. When doing a acid-base titration, the reaction is exothermic so therefore I must make sure nobody touches the beaker when the two chemicals are mixing. Also the water baths will be set so that there is an element heating the water. This must not be touched as it can cause burns. Also the water may too hot to touch so, the water must be touched as little as possible. Another reason for not touching the water too much is that if water gets onto the floor there is a risk of people falling over; therefore this risk should be minimized Variables Although these do not affect the value of the reaction constant I will still aim to control some variables. The variables I am aiming to control are that of concentration and that of total pressure. As all reactants and products are in the liquid phase, keeping the total pressure constant will be just the atmospheric pressure. To control the variable of concentration I will measure accurately different reactants each time so that the same concentration and amounts will be obtained each experiment. I will also be controlling the chain length of the acid and alcohol I use in the reaction. If I change the chain length of the reactants different products are going to be produced and may affect the equilibrium constant of the reaction. For this reason I will use ethanol and ethanoic acid, as they are easily obtainable and they produce an ester that is also a colourless liquid. I will be varying temperature as feel this is feasible to do, by using a water bath. Also because concentration does not actually affect the value for Kc, it will just shift the equilibrium position, away from the part of the reaction with the highest concentrations. The temperature ranges I will be using for this experiment will be in divisions of five degrees Kelvin from 293K, 298K, 303K , 308K , 313K , 318K , 323K. In terms of degrees Celsius this equal to 20oC, 25oC, 30oC, 35oC, 40oC, 45oC, 50oC. I am using this range because I feel I will be able to notice a marked difference in the equilibrium constant. Also I do not want to use any value of temperature above 60oC as above this temperature ethanol will boil, and will be in the gaseous state, separated from this rest of the reaction (condensed on the sides of the test tube) and therefore unable to take part in it. Also if I go above 100oC then the water would boil and the water bath would then not be as effective at keeping temperature constant, as well as damaging the heating element. Other ways I will ensure that I will make my experiment fair, accurate and able to produce repeatable data will now be explained. 🙂 I will make sure that the water bath I am using is set to that temperature for about 15minutes before the experiment, so that the water is an even temperature throughout. 🙂 I will also store the chemicals that I will be using in the water bath so that the reaction starts at the desired temperature, and does not have to be raised to that temperature. 🙂 I will use sterilised equipment throughout so that there is no chance of contamination, as this could affect the reaction. 🙂 I will also use the same equipment all the way through to ensure that no other contaminants can enter the mixtures. After each experiment I will clean out all equipment with both distilled water and the substance that is to be placed in the equipment after cleaning. 🙂 I will always use the same initial volumes and concentration of the alcohol and carboxylic acid. This is so that the 🙂 I will also use the same amount of concentrated sulphuric acid catalyst for each experiment. This amount will be four drops from a small pipette. This is so that the overall concentration of acid will be easier to work out if the drops are constant. 🙂 When titrating my sample I will make sure I use the same concentration of sodium Hydroxide solution. This amount will be 0.4molsdm-3. This will be done so that the same concentration will be used in calculations throughout, my analysis, and will make the spotting of patterns easier, if the sodium Hydroxide solution is of the same concentration all the way through. 🙂 I will use the same amount of phenolphthalein in the sample to measure the colour. This amount will be 6 drops from a small pipette. This will be done because if different amounts were added there may be a colour change at a different point to when I expect one, so making the amount of indicator constant should eliminate this. 🙂 When moving the sample I take from the reaction vessel to be titrated I will move it quickly as possible so that the temperature will not go down, if it does then that would change the amount of acid and make the experiment inaccurate. I will help to maintain accuracy by placing the titration apparatus close to the water bath. I will also have the titration equipment already set up, so the titration could be done immediately. 🙂 I will also graph my results as I get them. This way I can make sure that any patterns can be spotted early and any errors in the investigation will be made clear at an early stage. The thing I will be measuring is the amount of Sodium Hydroxide solution it takes to neutralise. The point at which I know that the solution is neutralised is the point when the phenolphthalein changes colour from colourless to pink. In order to find out this I will use a conical flask on top of a white tile. The colour will be deemed changed when I can no longer shake away the pink colour. This will indicate there are excess hydroxyl ions present in the solution. These ions are present in the Sodium Hydroxide solution and when they come into contact with the hydrogen ions in the sample solution they perform this reaction: H+(aq)+ OH- (aq) H2O(l) The indicator I am using is called phenolphthalein and is a organic indicator which I am using because it changes colour strongly at pH 8. I am using it in a 1% alcoholic solution. In acidic conditions the lactone ring in the phenolphthalein molecule is closed and the solution it is in is colourless. However when all the hydrogen ions are reacted with hydroxyl ions, the phenolphthalein is still colourless, as the hydroxyl ions are used up initially. However when there is one drop more of alkali in the solution the solution turns pink, as there is now an excess of hydroxyl ions. This causes the lactone ring to open, yielding the triphenylcarbinol structure. This structure is red/pink colour.1. 2. From the measurement of Sodium Hydroxide solution I obtain I can work out the final values of the acid, alcohol , water and ester present in the solution. Because the reaction below only has one mole of each reactant/product involved the values of final concentration are easily worked out. Alcohol + Carboxylic acid Ester + Water The final value of acid is equal to the titre obtained, as the titre is the amount that is needed to neutralise the acid in the solution. The amount of alcohol at the end, is the same as the amount of acid as one mole of acid is reacted with one mole of alcohol. If I use 20cm3 initially of acid and alkali, then as the amount of water and ester must be the same, as they have the same Stoichiometric values. The amount of ester and water is equal to the initial amount of alcohol minus the final amount of alcohol, as everything that has reacted must be ester. Therefore if I get a titre of 12 cm3 then the concentration is as follows: Acid: 12 cm3 From this I can work out the value of which I am investigating; the equilibrium constant. The equilibrium constant is worked out with this equation: Kc = Concentration products Concentration reactants In the case of this investigation the value of the equilibrium constant is found by this equation: Kc = [Ester] [Water] [Acid][Alcohol] In order to find the concentration I must first find the moles of each chemical in the reaction and to find that I need to know the moles of acid obtained. In order to find the moles I must multiply the volume of titre I obtain by the concentration of the sodium hydroxide I am using. As the reaction of hydrogen ions with hydroxyl ions is one to one the moles of alkali used is the same as the moles of acid used if the reaction mixture is now neutral. As the concentration of alkali in this case is 0.4moldm-3 to find the moles of acid used I multiply 0.012(this value is in decimetres cubed) by 0.4 this gives the answer 0.0048. As one mole of acid reacts with one mole of alcohol the moles of alcohol must also be the same. In order to find the moles of water and ester formed I must find the difference between the initial moles of acid and the final moles of acid. This is because any substance that is not acid or alcohol must be ester and water, so must account for the difference between i nitial acid value and final value. If my initial acid titre after time = 0 is 25 cm3 then the initial acid volume is: 0.025 x 0.4 = 0.01moles Now the difference between 0.01 and 0.0048 is equal to is 0.0052. Therefore the moles of ester and water formed is 0.0052moles. Now I can use these values to work out the equilibrium constant. As the equilibrium constant is found from concentrations and concentration is equal to moles/volume it can be written in this form: [moles/volume]1 [mole/volume]2 [moles/volume] 3[moles/volume]4 As the volume is the same for all of the chemicals it is common to all terms in the equation. I can then therefore cancel it, so that the equilibrium constant can be worked out using just the moles of each chemical. In the case of the example I provided the equilibrium constant would be with the moles of ester and water on top divided by the product of acid and alcohol. 0.0052 x 0.0052 0.0048 x 0.0048 = 1.17 3 S.F. As you can see the equilibrium constant in this case has no units. This is because the values of the units on the top of the equation cancel out those on the bottom to make no units. Investigation method 1. Obtain all equipment and chemicals needed for the experiment as listed previously. 2. In order for me to start the investigation I must make up a solution of 1 moldm-3 Sodium Hydroxide solution. This is for the titrations I will do later on in the investigation. I will do this by dissolving one mole of Caustic soda crystals into one litre of distilled water. One mole of Sodium Hydroxide: Na = 23 O = 16 H = 1 Total = 40 Therefore I will dissolve 40g of sodium Hydroxide in one litre of distilled water. I will weigh the crystals on a balance and stir the solution vigorously. As the enthalpy of solvation of NaOH is quite high, initially the solution will get quite hot, therefore I must exercise care when handling it. I will then put a bung on the one litre volumetric flask for use later in the experiment. 3. Fill the water bath up with water, and set water bath to the desired temperature. In the case of my preliminary work I will set it to 20oC and 60oC. I will place a thermometer in the bath to make sure the correct temperature is reached. 4. I will then decant 200cm3 of glacial acetic acid and ethanol into conical flasks, so that I do not contaminate the stock bottles. I will make sure that all equipment is thoroughly cleaned with distilled water and the substance that it will be containing. 5. I will use a filling pipette with a 20cm3 filling tube to put ethanol into a boiling tube. Then add four drops of concentrated sulphuric acid into the boiling tubes. 6. Then measure out using the pipette 20cm3 of ethanoic acid into the boiling tube. 7. At the moment the reaction mixes take a 5cm3 sample of the reaction mixture to be titrated immediately to see how much acid there is initially. Then place boiling tube bungs on all five of the boiling tubes containing the mixture and shake vigorously. Then place all in the test tube rack in the water bath. 8. The titration involves putting 50cm3 of NaOH solution into a burette initially. I then place the sample of reaction in a conical flask upon a white tile. I then add 6 drops of phenolphthalein into the sample. I then take a measurement of the starting value of the burette, and turn the tap so that the NaOH mixes with the sample. I will allow the NaOH to run slowly so I can get exactly when the colour changes. I will then measure the final titre and find the amount of solution used in neutralising the acid. 9. Take a sample again of the reaction mixture after two days and repeat the titration. 10. Take a third sample of the reaction mixture after three days and repeat the titration. If the titre of the third is the same as the one done after two days the reaction has reached equilibrium and the third titre can be used as data for that temperature. 11. Repeat these steps for all repeats and temperatures. Preliminary results The table below shows the results obtained for three repeats at three temperature intervals: 25oC, 45 oC, 60 oC Experiment (after 3 days) Temperature (Celsius) Start cm3 End cm3 Titre Repeat 1 25 0 9.3 9.3 Repeat 2 25 9.3 19.0 9.7 Repeat 3 25 19 28.8 9.8 Average 9.6 Repeat 1 45 0 10.8 10.8 Repeat 2 45 10.8 20.9 10.1 Repeat 3 45 20.9 32.0 11.1 Average 10.7 Repeat 1 60 0 12 12 Repeat 2 60 12 22 11 Repeat 3 60 22 34.3 12.3 Average 11.8 From these results I can see that there is a general upward trend in the titre as temperature. This does not seem to be highly correlated, but is still a relationship that can be useful in making my prediction. However I feel there is room for improvement which I will explain more below. Modifications to Method From my preliminary results and observations I noticed some flaws that could affect my investigation if they are done in the real experiments. They are listed below with ways to change them and make the experiment more accurate. * One of the main flaws with my experiment is that when using a bunged boiling tube, I had to shake the mixture to homogenise it. The problem this caused is that after a while the reaction mixture turned an orange tint. This was because the H+ in the ethanoic acid reacted with the rubber bung causing it to mix with the reaction. The problem this caused was that some of the acid was used up in reacting with the rubber therefore the correct amount was not available to react with the alcohol. The way I have chosen to overcome this is by changing the equipment holding the reaction. I will use glass 30cm3 sample tubes with screw-in plastic tops. This will make sure that all of the acid is available to react with the alcohol in the reaction. * The second problem I found is that the titres I found were rather small. This means that the alkali solution I was using in the titration was too strong. This is because it had too many hydroxyl ions in a given volume, and therefore a small volume neutralised the acid. A way to combat this is to change the concentration of NaOH in the alkali solution. I will use 0.4 moldm-3. The benefit that this has is too make the titres larger and therefore easier to spot trends and patterns. * Another problem I found when using the water bath is that at 60oC, after 3days much of the water in the water bath had evaporated. This was a bad thing because it meant the water bath could not maintain the correct temperature for the reaction and it can damage the water bath. A modification I am making is to take out 60oC from my temperature range. I will then therefore make the temperature range 25oC to 50oC in 5oC intervals. This will make sure I have enough water to maintain the correct water bath temperature. A second addition I can make is to use polystyrene foam and place it on top of the water bath to stop the water evaporating at the higher temperatures. This is because the foam will absorb some of the water and make a layer on top of the water bath to stop evaporation. * Another thing I found when looking at my chemicals was that the ethanol I used was 5% methanol. This could damage the experiment as the differing chain length could give rise to a different value for the Equilibrium constant than what I should actually get. A way to overcome this is too use an alcohol in a more pure form. Therefore I shall use propan-1-ol. This is bottled in near pure form so I believe it is more suitable for my investigation. Therefor the reaction will now be: Propan-1-ol + Ethanoic Acid Water + Propyl Ethanoate CH3CH2CH2OH + CH3COOH H2O + CH3CH2CH2COOCH3 * The last modification I will make to my investigation will be to change the amount of sample I take. I will take 1cm3 instead of 5cm3. This is because I will take 3 samples of each reaction, and I think a smaller sample will produce a titre that is under 50cm3. Final Method 1.Obtain all equipment and chemicals needed for the experiment as listed previously. 2.In order for me to start the investigation I must make up a solution of 1 moldm-3 Sodium Hydroxide solution. This is for the titrations I will do later on in the investigation. I will do this by dissolving one mole of Caustic soda crystals into one litre of distilled water. One mole of Sodium Hydroxide: Na = 23 O = 16 H = 1 Total = 40 x 0.4 moles = 16g Therefore I will dissolve 16g of sodium Hydroxide in one litre of distilled water. I will weigh the crystals on a balance and stir the solution vigorously. As the enthalpy of solvation of NaOH is quite high, initially the solution will get quite hot, therefore I must exercise care when handling it. I will then put a bung on the one litre volumetric flask for use later in the experiment. 3.Fill the water bath up with water and set water bath to the desired temperature. In this case I will set it to 25oC, 30oC, 35oC, 40oC, 45oC and 50oC. I will place a thermometer in the bath to make sure the correct temperature is reached. 4. I will then decant 200cm3 of glacial acetic acid and propan-1-ol into conical flasks, so that I do not contaminate the stock bottles. I will make sure that all equipment is thoroughly cleaned with distilled water and the substance that it will be containing. 5. I will use a filling pipette with a 20cm3 filling tube to put ethanol into a sample tube. Then add four drops of concentrated sulphuric acid into the sample tubes. Then measure out using the pipette 20cm3 of ethanoic acid into the sample tube 6. At the moment the reaction mixes take a 1cm3 sample of the reaction mixture to be titrated immediately to see how much acid there is initially. Then place sample tube lids on all five of the tubes containing the mixture and shake vigorously. Then place all directly into the water bath to make sure the sample tube is almost fully submerged. 7. The titration involves putting 50cm3 of NaOH solution into a burette initially. I then place the sample of reaction in a conical flask upon a white tile. I then add 6 drops of phenolphthalein into the sample. I then take a measurement of the starting value of the burette, and turn the tap so that the NaOH mixes with the sample. I will allow the NaOH to run slowly so I can discover exactly when the colour changes. I will then measure the final titre and find the amount of solution used in neutralising the acid. 8. Take a sample again of the reaction mixture after two days and repeat the titration. 9. Take a third sample of the reaction mixture after three days and repeat the titration. If the titre of the third is the same as the one done after two days the reaction has reached equilibrium and the third titre can be used as data for that temperature. 10. Repeat these steps for all repeats and temperatures The esterification reaction that I am performing is a rather slow reaction, therefore an acid catalyst is needed to make the reaction faster. Even with this catalyst the reaction still takes at least three days to reach equilibrium. Equilibrium is reached when the rate of the reaction going forwards is the same as the rate of reaction going backwards. All reactions are in a sense an equilibrium reaction, however some reactions have a small value for enthalpy change of reaction, so the reaction is possible to go in either direction. Another form of this reaction exists where the ester reacts with hydroxyl ions to form an alcohol and the carboxylic acids conjugate base. This reaction goes to completion however the ion produced is not easily measured so this reaction is preferred. Another way to get the reaction to reach equilibrium faster would be to reflux the mixture. However I can not do this as when the mixture cools down the equilibrium would shift again making the heating pointle ss. In the first step, the ethanoic acid takes a proton (a hydrogen ion) from the concentrated sulphuric acid. The proton becomes attached to one of the lone pairs on the oxygen that is double-bonded to the carbon. N.B. curly arrows in some diagrams represent the movement of one or a pair of electrons.4. It is quite misleading to show the positive charge just on the oxygen, because is actual fact the charge is delocalised over the entire double bond with the carbon. Therefore it is more accurate to show the molecules like this: These two structures are not complete representations of the ion as it can occurs in both ways. In this case they are resonant hybrids as both can be used to contribute to the actual structure. The positive charge of the ion attracts the lone pair of electrons on the ethanol and the ethanol gives up its lone pair of electrons to bond to the ion. From this ion a proton is removed from the bottom oxygen and placed onto the next oxygen up. This is not a direct transfer, first the proton is taken in by an unreacted ethanol on its lone pair of electrons, and then it acts as an intermediate to transfer the proton onto the middle oxygen. The overall proton transfer is shown below. Now a water molecule is lost from the ion From this ion the positive charge is now still spread over the carbon. The last hydrogen on the ion is removed by the hydrogensulphate ion that was created at the beginning from the sulphuric acid. Therefore the ester is made along with water and the sulphuric acid is not used up in the reaction, so is the catalyst. The hydrolysis of the ester is the reverse reaction, and will be sped up by the same amount with the use of sulphuric acid. Therefore the catalyst will not actually change the equilibrium constant, it will just help the reaction get to equilibrium quicker. The actual catalyst in this case is the hydroxonium ion (H3O+). The hydrolysis is started by the lone pair of electrons on the oxygen in the carbon-oxygen double bond accepts a proton from the hydroxonium ion. Once again the positive charge is delocalised throughout the double bond and can by draw in a number of resonance hybrids. The lone pair of electrons on the water molecule then attacks the positive charge on this carbon Now a proton on the bottom oxygen is transferred to another lone pair on a water molecule and is eventually placed on the middle oxygen. Now one of the products of the reaction, ethanol is removed from the ion. With the charge spread across the carbon a proton is removed from the ion and placed on a water molecule, restoring the hydroxonium ion, and producing ethanoic acid. In order to find out what way the equilibrium shifts when the temperature changes it is useful to consider Le Chatliers principle. This states that Whatever constraint is placed on a system, the system will move to oppose the change. This change can be adding more of one of the reactants, or changing the temperature or pressure of the system. Initially as there is no ester or water the system will move to produce more ester and water. In the case of temperature, if the temperature increases the system will move to remove the heat. This means that the system will make the two products that cause heat to be removed from the system. The way of the reaction that takes in heat is the endothermic root. To ascertain which way is endothermic I must draw an enthalpy cycle. An enthalpy cycle can be used to find out what the enthalpy change of reaction is by knowing what the enthalpy change of formation of all the reactants and products are. Hesss Law states that the enthalpy change of a react ion will be the same regardless of the intermediate steps taken. The enthalpy change of formation is the change in enthalpy when one mole of a molecule is formed from its component elements in their standard states and under standard conditions i.e. room temperature 298K and 1atm pressure. The enthalpy change of formation of each chemical is shown below: Water -285.8kJmol-1 Ethanoic Acid -484.5 kJmol-1 Propan-1-ol -302.7 kJmol-1 Propyl Ethanoate -502.7 kJmol-1 5. Notice that all these values are negative this means that energy is given out into the system as energy is given out when bonds are made This is the enthalpy cycle for my reaction: ?Hr? CH3COOH + CH3CH2CH2OH H2O + CH3COOCH2CH2CH3 (-484.5 +-302.7) (-285.8 + -502.7) 5C(s) + 3/2O2(g) + 6H2(g) In order to find the enthalpy change of reaction I must follow the arrows to get to the ester and water. Firstly as I start by going down the first arrow I must take the negative value of it. -484.5 302.7 = -787.2 This value becomes +787.2 as I am going against this arrow. I then add the sum of the esters and waters enthalpy changes of formation to get the enthalpy change of reaction. -285.8 + -502.7 = -788.5 787.2 788.5 = -1.3 kJmol-1 From this I can show that the reaction is exothermic going in the direction of making ester and water. As this value is small it also fits in that this reaction is an equilibrium reaction. From this I can now make a prediction. As an increase in temperature forces the equilibrium to shift to remove heat energy, and the reaction root that is endothermic (removing heat) is making acid and alcohol from ester and water, I predict that as I increase temperature the more acid and alcohol is produced. In terms of the value of Kc I predict that this value decreases as I increase temperature. This is because if more acid is produced it means less ester and water is produced; and as the value for Kc is found by the product concentration divided by reactant concentration, more reactant means lower Kc. 1. Vogels textbook of quantitative chemical analysis 2.http://www.chem.ox.ac.uk/vrchemistry/FilmStudio/phenolphthalein/Symbols/equilibrium.jpg 3.http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/cis/products/icsc/dtasht/_icsc05/icsc0553.htm 4. http://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/catalysis/hydrolyse.html 5. http://www.ucdsb.on.ca/tiss/stretton/chem2/data09f.html Below is a list of the main areas of chemistry in my investigation and where they occur in the course. Area Of Investigation Area of Chemistry AS/A2 Enthalpy Cycles Developing Fuels AS Hydrolysis of Esters Whats in a Medicine? AS Acid-Base titrations Whats in a Medicine? AS Equilibrium Constant Engineering Proteins A2 Results Tables The table below shows the readings at each temperature, proving that the reaction has reached equilibrium. The readings for each of the temperatures are taken after one day two three and four. If the third and forth reading are the same then the rate of reaction going forward is the same as the rate of reaction going backwards so there is no net change in the amounts of reactants/products. Temperature (Celsius) Start reading (cm3) End reading (cm3) Titre(cm3) Moles of acid Initial Reading 25 0 22.5 22.5 0.00900 Second Reading 25 0 15.7 15.7 0.00628 Third Reading 25 0 9.9 9.9 0.00396 Final Reading 25 0 9.9 9.9 0.00396 Temperature (OC) Start reading (cm3) End reading (cm3) Titre (cm3) Moles of acid Initial reading 30 0 22.5 22.5 0.00900 Second reading 30 22.5 37.7 15.2 0.00608 Third reading 30 37.7 47.8 10.1 0.00404 Final Reading 30 0 10.1 10.1 0.00404 Initial reading 35 0 22.5 22.5 0.00900 Second reading 35 22.6 37.9 15.3 0.00612 Third reading 35 0 12.3 12.3 0.00412 Forth Reading 35 0 10.3 10.3 0.00412 Final Reading 35 0 10.3 10.3 0.00412 Initial reading 40 0 22.4 22.5 0.00900 Second reading 40 22.4 37.5 15.1 0.00604 Third reading 40 37.5 48.0 10.5 0.00420 Final Reading 40 0 10.5 10.5 0.00420 Initial reading 45 0 22.5 22.5 0.00900 Second reading 45 22.3 37.2 14.9 0.00596 Third reading 45 37.2 47.9 10.7 0.00428 Final Reading 45 0 10.7 10.7 0.00428 Initial reading 50 0 22.5 22.5 0.00900 Second reading 50 22.5 37.5 15.0 0.00600 Third reading 50 37.5 48.4 10.9 0.00436 Final Reading 50 0 10.9 10.9 0.00436 N.B the Results highlighted in red shows that the reaction did not reach equilibrium as fast as all of the others. Although this did not affect the results obtained, it will still be accounted for later on in the evaluation section. Below shows graphs for all of the temperatures showing time from the beginning of reaction to the reaching of equilibrium. The table of results shows all of the repeats I did for all of the temperature ranges. It also shows that moles of acid in the sample. Temperature (degrees Celsius) Beginning measurement End measurement Titre Amount of Acid Moles of Acid 25 0 9.8 9.8 9.8 0.00392 25 9.8 19.7 9.9 9.9 0.00396 25 19.7 29.5 9.8 9.8 0.00392 25 29.5 39.4 9.9 9.9 0.00396 25 0 9.8 9.9 9.9 0.00396 Average titre 9.9 9.9 0.00396 30 0 10.1 10.1 10.1 0.00404 30 10.1 20.2 10.1 10.1 0.00404 30 20.2 30.3 10.1 10.1 0.00404 30 30.3 40.4 10.1 10.1 0.00404 30 0 10.1 10.1 10.1 0.00404 Average titre 10.1 10.1 0.00404 35 0 10.3 10.3 10.3 0.00412 35 10.3 20.6 10.3 10.3 0.00412 35 20.6 30.9 10.3 10.3 0.00412 35 30.9 41.2 10.3 10.3 0.00412 35 0 10.3 10.3 10.3 0.00412 Average Titre 10.3 10.3 0.00412 40 0 10.4 10.4 10.4 0.00416 40 10.4 10.9 10.5 10.5 0.0042 40 20.9 31.5 10.6 10.6 0.00424 40 31.5 42 10.5 10.5 0.0042 40 0 10.5 10.5 10.5 0.0042 Average Titre 10.5 10.5 0.0042 45 0 10.7 10.7 10.7 0.00428 45 10.7 21.4 10.7 10.7 0.00428 45 21.4 32.1 10.7 10.7 0.00428 45 32.1 42.8 10.7 10.7 0.00428 45 0 10.7 10.7 10.7 0.00428 Average titre 10.7 10.7 0.00428 50 0 7.6 7.6 7.6 0.00304 50 7.6 18.6 11 11 0.0044 50 18.6 29.5 10.9 10.9 0.00436 50 29.5 40.4 10.9 10.9 0.00436 50 0 10.9 10.9 10.9 0.00436 N.b.Anaomalous result ignored Average titre 10.9 10.9 0.00436 Analysis of results Now for each repeat for each temperature I will work out the moles of each in the reaction, and hence the equilibrium constant for each repeat. 25oC- Repeat 1 Titre initial = 22.5cm Initial moles = volume x concentration of alkali Initial Moles of acid = 0.00900 Volume of Ethanoic acid in 1cm3 at the end = 9.8 Final moles = volume of acid x concentration of alkali Final moles of acid = 0.00392 As one mole of acid reacts with one mole of alcohol then the amount of alcohol must be the same. Final moles of Propan-1-ol = 0.00392 Final moles of Propyl Ethanoate equals difference between initial acid moles and final acid moles. 0.00900 0.00392 = 0.00508 As one mole of Ester makes one mole of water then the moles of water must be exactly the same as that of ester. From these values the value of the equilibrium constant can be worked out: Kc = 0.00508 x 0.00508 0.00392 x 0.00392 = 1.68 3 S.F. Applying this same method to all my other data I will now produce a table showing each repeat and the equilibrium constant of that experiment. I have recorded this table because I feel it makes it easier for me to draw a graph of the equilibrium constant against the temperature. Temperature (degrees Celsius) Initial Moles of Acid Moles of Acid Equilibrium Constant 25 0.00900 0.00392 1.68 25 0.00900 0.00396 1.62 25 0.00900 0.00392 1.68 25 0.00900 0.00396 1.62 25 0.00900 0.00396 1.62 Average 0.00900 0.00396 1.62 30 0.00900 0.00404 1.51 30 0.00900 0.00404 1.51 30 0.00900 0.00404 1.51 30 0.00900 0.00404 1.51 30 0.00900 0.00404 1.51 Average 0.00900 0.00404 1.51 35 0.00900 0.00412 1.40 35 0.00900 0.00412 1.40 35 0.00900 0.00412 1.40 35 0.00900 0.00412 1.40 35 0.00900 0.00412 1.40 Average 0.00900 0.00412 1.40 40 0.00900 0.00416 1.35 40 0.00900 0.0042 1.31 40 0.00900 0.00424 1.26 40 0.00900 0.0042 1.31 40 0.00900 0.0042 1.31 Average 0.00900 0.0042 1.31 45 0.00900 0.00428 1.22 45 0.00900 0.00428 1.22 45 0.00900 0.00428 1.22 45 0.00900 0.00428 1.22 45 0.00900 0.00428 1.22 Average 0.00900 0.00428 1.22 50 0.00900 0.00304 3.84 50 0.00900 0.0044 1.09 50 0.00900 0.00436 1.13 50 0.00900 0.00436 1.13 50 0.00900 0.00436 1.13 Average 0.00900 0.00436 1.13 Anomalous Result is ignored From this graph I can deduce that as the Temperature increased the value of Kc decreases. As I said this in my prediction, it goes some way to proving that my prediction was at least to some extent correct. Another conclusion I can draw from my graphs is that as the temperature increased the equilibrium constant changed exponentially. This is because on the graph it shows a slight curve. The reason for this is that as the temperature rises the reaction favours the production of the reactants. Therefore as the reactants increase the products decrease so the equilibrium constant goes down. There is a constant fractional change in the value of Kc as the temperature increases. The reason that the reaction favours the production of the reactants, ethanoic acid and propan-1-ol is because this direction of reaction takes in energy, i.e. its energy level is higher than the products that it makes. As the temperature increases the system tries to remove the extra heat energy being put in. The way it does this is by making the reaction that removes heat energy go faster. Therefore the reaction constant goes down..

Child Development Essay Essays

Child Development Essay Essays Child Development Essay Essay Child Development Essay Essay 1. 2 Research holistic development and compose an history about your apprehension of this. giving illustrations of how different facets of development can impact one another. Holistic development means that each country is dependent on the other to do certain the kid develops to their full potency. Development is split into different countries. Physical. societal. emotional. linguistic communication and rational. Still each country must link in order for the kid to develop. For illustration a kid may be rational but non be able to bind his shoe lacings. This is non because the kid is incapable of binding his places lace but that he has non had to pattern the physical accomplishment. Another illustration is a kid needs to have on spectacless for school ( physical ) and other kids tease him for have oning spectacless which in bend could take down his self-esteem ( emotional ) . This may take to him being isolated from friends as he can non cover with the tease ( societal ) . he so may halt have oning his spectacless to go accepted by his equals. As a consequence of this he will be unable to see clearly which could impact his school work ( rational ) . 2. 1 Research the influences that can impact children’s development. Background: There are different things that can impact child’s development in their background. A household interrupt up can be truly nerve-racking for a kid and can act upon development as they can acquire really disquieted. The kid could respond in different ways by either floging out. traveling really quiet or could even halt feeding and speaking as they feel they could experience responsible for their parents interrupt up. Equally good as a interruption up set uping a child’s development. a child’s parent acquiring a new spouse can be besides as effectual. They may non wish the new spouse and once more can take to them being aggressive traveling quiet or non eating. A monolithic influence in a child’s development would be if there was mourning in the household as the kid does non to the full understand why that individual is no longer in their life and can once more do all of the above reactions. Health Proper nutrition can hold a direct impact on a child’s development both physically and psychologically. Appropriate nutrition is related to functional results for kids as they get older. In other words. unhealthy feeding can take to weight addition and other negative effects if the kid does non larn how to eat healthy early in life. It is stressed that it is the increased continuance and strength of the exposures to healthy eating wonts. through both hands-on acquisition and taking by illustration. that truly do a positive impact on a child’s development. Environment Childs who are surrounded. both at place and at school/daycare installations. by a strong acquisition environment that is both enlightening and supportive may better their development. A child’s environment – for illustration. his household or school – plays a immense portion in his development. Simply stated. a nurtured kid will make better than a disadvantaged kid. That may look like common sense. but you may non recognize the small things that make a difference. Some assume that a rich privileged kid will automatically boom more than a kid life in poorness. That is non ever the instance. 2. 2 Write an history about the importance of acknowledging and reacting to concerns in children’s development. Give illustrations of instances you are cognizant of. The undermentioned things would do concern about a kid or immature person’s development. If the job was left untreated so things could acquire worse. and a hold in intervention could intend that the result is non every bit good as it would hold been if intervention was started earlier. If a kid or immature individual does non speak to anyone or even merely speaks a few words compared to others. this may do concern. This would socially impact the kid or immature person’s because they would happen it difficult to do friends. work in groups or even interact with grownups. It would besides impact their communicational development because they would happen it difficult to talk to people and besides may happen it difficult to listen to instructions. Early intercession would be the best manner to react to this concern. the first measure would be to hold the kid or immature person’s hearing checked because if they have hapless hearing they will happen it difficult to hear people so will non desire to pass on with others in instance they get something incorrect. Poor reading and authorship is besides another thing to look for. If a kid or immature individual has troubles with their reading and composing it may do concern. but this may non be noticeable until the kid is around the age of 6 or 7 because by this age they should hold learnt how letters are formed and get down to threading words together. These are the chief accomplishments a kid needs to assist them develop in all countries. Due to hapless reading and composing the kid or immature individual will get down to fall behind his equals of the same age. They may happen it hard to interact or do friends with others who are more advanced than them. in instance they are bullied etc. They would fight with their rational development non merely with the reading and authorship. but they would fight with their memory and even their concentration. 3. 2 Research and place other passages that merely some kids may see through life. for illustration mourning. Most kids may see passages ; passages can be long term or short term. Some passages that most kids may see are likely to be. get downing school or altering from one school to another. Some households may travel house several times throughout their lives this can impact a kid in that they have to seek and do new friends and acquire usage to the country in which they will be populating. Children and immature people have to do really many of their passages without anterior personal experience. and it can sometimes look to them as a dashing list of ‘firsts’ : first twenty-four hours at school ; first test. Most of these alterations are dealt with good by most kids and immature people. as and when they are ready. The experience they gain and the accomplishments they learn in the procedure equip them to cover with the challenges of life in front. The diverse scope of passages faced by kids and immature people includes: get downing or traveling school pubescence mourning parents dividing up unwellness ( their ain or a parent’s or sibling’s ) altering friendly relationship groups entry to. or go forthing. a pupil referral unit traveling through kid wellness services into grownup services coming out as homosexual or sapphic go forthing place. Young people and kids will necessitate aid and support from equals and grownups to successfully do the passage to the following phase in their life. The nature and timing and giver of the support will change depending on the individual’s demands and fortunes. Bereavement-the decease of a close friend or relation may be really traumatic for a kid. when it comes to times of alteration and passages you should give kids every chance to speak about what is traveling to go on and how they feel. 3. 3 Describe with illustrations how passages may impact kids and immature people’s behaviour and development. Children and immature people of course pass through a figure of phases as they grow and develop. Often. they will besides be expected to get by with alterations such as motion from primary to secondary school and. for kids with disablements or chronic ailment wellness. from children’s to adults’ services. Such alterations are normally referred to as passages. Some kids may hold to confront really peculiar and personal passages non needfully shared or understood by all their equals. These include: household unwellness or the decease of a close relation ; divorce and household break-up ; issues related to gender ; acceptance ; the procedure of refuge ; disablement ; parental mental wellness ; and the effects of offense. It is of import to understand a kid or immature individual in the context of their life. to recognize and understand the impact of any passages they may be traveling through.

Biometrics and Wireless Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Biometrics and Wireless Technology - Essay Example This technology is now the more favoured method of identification over traditional methods like password and PIN identifications. High numbers of passwords and PINs are generated on a daily basis as more and more people are settling in with the pace of technology. These PINs and passwords are saved electronically on database servers, which at some point may run out of space. In this scenario, the better choice for a person is to be her or his own password. In today's market many types of biometrical identification tools are available such as fingerprinting, face recognition, finger and hand geometry, iris recognition, voice and signature recognition (von Graevenitz 2003). Biometric data collected using sensors are converted to digital formats for storage into computer databases. Fingerprinting biometrics has been long in use by the crime solving agencies and immigration authorities. However, technologies to use iris, face, and voice for recognition are still in their infancy. According to the founder and chairperson of CardTech/SecurTech, Ben Miller, biometric technologies have been in use since 1968. The University of Georgia was a pioneer in the use of biometric technology when in 1973 the university set up a hand-scanning system that helped restrict entry into its all-you-can-eat dining halls. Fingerprinting, iris recognition, retina recognition, face recognition, and hand recognition have been successfully imple... Fingerprints are then stored in image formats or encoded character strings. This technology is cost effective and very accurate (Biometrics 101). Irises are also a unique characteristic that can be scanned saved in a digital format. Since irises remain unchanged after surgery or with the use of glasses or contact lenses, this technology is fast gaining popularity (Biometrics 101). Retina recognition systems are used in some high-risk facilities such as military installation systems. This technique is considered the most accurate among all available biometrics technologies. However, the installation cost for this technology is high (Biometrics 101). Face recognition systems analyse the facial geometry of a person and can verify a person's identity within a very short time and from a distance of 2 feet (Biometrics 101). As the internet age has progressed and matured, it has seen the advent of wireless technologies, which have brought flexibility of communication, as wireless systems do not need any physical connections. Transmission of data in wireless systems takes place through radio frequency. The popularity of wireless devices such as mobile phones, PDAs, smart phones, and other handheld devices is at its height at this time. Karygiannis and Owens (2002) recognised that wireless networks are at the same risk as wired networks but they are also vulnerable to a few new security threats due to the limitation of wireless protocols. For security implementation, in wireless systems biometric technology is getting a lot of attention as it provides an extra level of security. It can be used as a stand-alone security device or along with another protection system. Agencies that need higher levels of